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200 third-person claims that at least one registered member has cryptographically attested as true, with sources. The complete public registry.
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Epicurus founded the Garden in Athens around 307 BCE and taught that pleasure and tranquility were the goals of a good life.
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China's renminbi was added to the IMF Special Drawing Rights basket on October 1, 2016.
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Sweden's krona has been the country's official currency since 1873.
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Lady Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine include what is often called the first computer program.
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The Wright brothers conducted their first powered flight in a 12-second, 120-foot flight on December 17, 1903.
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Mass production techniques pioneered by Henry Ford reduced the time required to assemble a Model T from over 12 hours to about 90 minutes.
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ASCII art uses standard ASCII characters to create images and is commonly seen in BBSes and early Internet messaging.
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Honey produced by bees is one of the few foods that does not spoil under normal storage conditions.
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Paris hosted the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1924, and 2024.
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Passover is a major Jewish holiday commemorating the Exodus from slavery in Egypt.
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The Five Books of Moses, also known as the Pentateuch or Torah, are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain.
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Spitfires played a crucial role in the Battle of Britain in 1940 against the German Luftwaffe.
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The Marshall Plan provided financial aid to 16 European countries to rebuild after World War II.
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Sweden's neutrality during World War II allowed it to avoid direct involvement in the conflict.
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The Sahel is a semi-arid region in Africa lying between the Sahara to the north and Sudanian savanna to the south.
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Antarctic ice covers over 14 million square kilometers and contains roughly 60 percent of the world's freshwater.
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The Odyssey describes Odysseus's ten-year journey home after the Trojan War.
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Hans Christian Andersen, a Danish author, wrote The Little Mermaid, The Ugly Duckling, and The Emperor's New Clothes.
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William Faulkner won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949.
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The first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded in 1917, established by the will of Joseph Pulitzer.
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The Epic of Gilgamesh, dating to ancient Mesopotamia, is among the oldest surviving works of literature.
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The decimal numeral system, also called base-10, is the most widely used number system in the world.
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Binary, base-2, is the foundational number system for digital computing.
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The Roman numerals system uses combinations of letters: I, V, X, L, C, D, and M.
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The Stuxnet worm, discovered in 2010, targeted Iranian nuclear centrifuges and is widely considered the first cyberweapon.
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ENIAC was unveiled to the public on February 14, 1946, at the University of Pennsylvania.
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The first computer virus, Creeper, appeared on ARPANET in 1971.
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The C programming language standardized as ANSI C in 1989 and ISO C in 1990.
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Whisper, an automatic speech recognition system released by OpenAI in 2022, was trained on 680,000 hours of multilingual audio.
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The Apollo Guidance Computer, used in Apollo Moon missions, ran at 2.048 MHz with 64 KB of memory.
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Reinforcement learning was famously used by DeepMind to train Atari-playing agents directly from pixel input in 2013.
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Index funds, popularized by John Bogle in the 1970s, track market indexes rather than picking stocks individually.
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Albert Camus's The Myth of Sisyphus introduced the concept of the absurd in philosophy and was published in 1942.
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Ronaldinho was named FIFA World Player of the Year in 2004 and 2005.
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Yuri Gagarin's spaceflight on April 12, 1961, lasted 108 minutes and orbited Earth once.
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Plato founded the Academy in Athens around 387 BCE, considered the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Diogenes of Sinope, a Cynic philosopher of ancient Greece, is famous for living in a large ceramic jar in Athens.
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The Allegory of the Cave appears in Book VII of Plato's Republic and explores the nature of reality and knowledge.
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Vinyl record sales have seen a significant resurgence since the 2000s, with sales exceeding CD sales in some markets by 2022.
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Bob Marley brought Jamaican reggae to a global audience and remains a cultural icon decades after his 1981 death.
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Art Deco was an influential decorative arts style of the 1920s and 1930s emphasizing geometric forms and modern materials.
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Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky composed The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, and the 1812 Overture among many other works.
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Code-switching is the practice of alternating between two or more languages within a single conversation.
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Romaji is the romanization of Japanese, with several systems including Hepburn and Kunrei-shiki.
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The Renaissance Sistine Chapel ceiling fresco was painted by Michelangelo, while The Last Judgment behind the altar was added by him later between 1536 and 1541.
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Wassily Kandinsky is widely credited with painting the first purely abstract work around 1910 to 1913.
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Ozempic, semaglutide, is a GLP-1 receptor agonist originally developed for type 2 diabetes and now widely used for weight management.
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Penicillin allergy is the most commonly reported drug allergy, although true allergic reactions are less common than self-reports suggest.
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First responders aim for the chain of survival: early recognition, early CPR, early defibrillation, and early advanced care.
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CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, combines chest compressions with rescue breaths to maintain circulation in cardiac arrest victims.
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Defibrillators deliver electrical shocks to restore normal heart rhythm in cases of cardiac arrest.
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BMI, Body Mass Index, is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
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Acetaminophen is an analgesic and antipyretic, the most common active ingredient in over-the-counter pain relievers like Tylenol.
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RISC-V is an open-standard instruction set architecture based on reduced instruction set computer principles.
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AWS Lambda was the first major commercial Function-as-a-Service offering, launched in 2014.
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Cloudflare Workers is a serverless execution environment that runs JavaScript and WebAssembly code at the network edge.
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Edge computing brings computation and data storage closer to data sources to reduce latency and bandwidth use.
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Microsoft Azure was announced in October 2008 and became generally available in February 2010.
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Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon structures with extraordinary tensile strength and electrical properties.
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Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of fats or oils to produce soap and glycerol.
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Esterification is the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water.
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The Periodic Table was first formulated by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869.
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Mass extinction is a significant decrease in biodiversity over a geologically short period.
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The first synthetic plastic, Bakelite, was invented by Leo Baekeland in 1907.
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Plate tectonics drives the formation of mountain ranges through processes including continental collision and orogenesis.
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Insects make up over half of all known animal species, with approximately 1 million described species.
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Spiders produce silk through specialized glands and use it for webs, egg sacs, and prey capture.
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Lichens are composite organisms formed by a symbiosis between fungi and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria.
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Ferns are vascular plants that reproduce via spores rather than seeds.
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Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between fungi and plant roots that help plants absorb water and nutrients.
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The Library of Alexandria in ancient Egypt was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world before its decline.
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The Code of Hammurabi, dating to about 1754 BCE, is one of the earliest preserved written legal codes.
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The Mir space station, operated by the Soviet Union and Russia, was inhabited from 1986 to 2001.
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Apollo 17, in December 1972, was the last crewed mission to land on the Moon.
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Singapore's Marina Bay Sands resort is known for its rooftop infinity pool spanning three towers.
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The Nile Delta is one of the world's largest river deltas, located where the Nile River meets the Mediterranean Sea.
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The Alaska Highway, completed in 1942, runs from Dawson Creek, British Columbia, to Delta Junction, Alaska.
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Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is the northernmost capital city of a sovereign state.
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The Empire State Building in New York City, completed in 1931, was the world's tallest building until 1972.
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Burj Khalifa in Dubai is the tallest building in the world at 828 meters, completed in 2010.
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Tokyo Skytree, completed in 2012, is the tallest tower in the world at 634 meters.
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The Arctic Circle marks the southernmost latitude where the Sun can remain above the horizon for 24 continuous hours.
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The Tropic of Cancer is the northernmost circle of latitude where the Sun can appear directly overhead.
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The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in Beijing ended in a violent military crackdown on June 4.
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The Long March of 1934 to 1935 was a strategic retreat by the Communist Red Army across China that solidified Mao Zedong's leadership.
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Watergate refers to the political scandal that led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's resignation in August 1974.
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The Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, marked the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte.
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The American Revolutionary War lasted from 1775 to 1783, ending with the Treaty of Paris.
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The Opium Wars between China and Britain in the 19th century resulted in unequal treaties favoring Britain.
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Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 ended in disaster with massive losses to his Grande Armee.
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The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England replaced King James II with William III and Mary II.
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The Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE saw the Athenians defeat the Persians, an iconic event in Greek history.
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The Spanish Armada was decisively defeated by the English in 1588.
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The Battle of Hastings in 1066 saw William the Conqueror defeat King Harold II, beginning Norman rule of England.
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The Hundred Years' War saw the rise of professional armies and the decline of feudal cavalry warfare in Europe.
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Hannibal Barca famously crossed the Alps with elephants during the Second Punic War.
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Real Madrid has won the most UEFA Champions League titles in the tournament's history.
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The UEFA Champions League is the top European club football tournament, contested annually since 1955.
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The Commissioner's Trophy is awarded to the World Series champion in Major League Baseball.
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The Hays Code, in effect from 1934 to 1968, was a set of self-imposed industry guidelines for major U.S. film studios.
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Bollywood, the Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai, is among the most prolific film industries globally.
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Cannes Film Festival's Palme d'Or is awarded to the best film of the festival's main competition.
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Schindler's List, directed by Steven Spielberg, won seven Academy Awards in 1994 including Best Picture.
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The Phillips curve describes a historical inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation.
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Spirited Away, directed by Hayao Miyazaki, won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
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The London Stock Exchange traces its history to coffee houses where stockbrokers met from 1698 onward.
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Central bank independence is the principle that monetary policy decisions should be insulated from short-term political pressures.
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The Nasdaq, founded in 1971, was the world's first electronic stock market.
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Phonology is the branch of linguistics dealing with systems of speech sounds in particular languages.
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Braille is a tactile writing system used by blind and visually impaired people, developed by Louis Braille in 1824.
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The Latin alphabet is the most widely used writing system in the world.
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Materialized views are database views whose results are stored and periodically refreshed for fast querying.
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Database normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.
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Neo4j is a graph database management system that stores data as nodes connected by edges with properties.
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Indexes in databases speed up data retrieval at the cost of additional storage and slower writes.
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BASE is an alternative database design philosophy emphasizing basically available, soft state, and eventual consistency.
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HSTS, HTTP Strict Transport Security, prevents downgrade attacks by forcing browsers to use HTTPS for a specified period.
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Argon2 is a key derivation function selected as the winner of the Password Hashing Competition in 2015.
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Log4Shell, disclosed in December 2021, was a critical remote code execution vulnerability in the widely used Log4j Java logging library.
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CVE, Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures, is a public reference list of known cybersecurity vulnerabilities.
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Zero Trust is a security model that requires strict verification for every person and device attempting to access resources.
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Passkeys are based on WebAuthn and FIDO2 standards, providing phishing-resistant authentication.
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OAuth 2.1 consolidates and clarifies the OAuth 2.0 specifications and best practices.
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The Louvre Museum in Paris is the world's most visited art museum.
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Edvard Munch's painting The Scream was created in multiple versions starting in 1893.
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Jackson Pollock was an American abstract expressionist known for his drip painting technique.
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Andy Warhol was a leading figure in the Pop art movement of the 1960s.
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Auguste Rodin's The Thinker, originally cast in 1880, is among the most recognized sculptures in the world.
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Claude Monet was a founder of French Impressionist painting and is well known for his Water Lilies series.
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Magnetism arises from the motion of electric charges and the intrinsic magnetic moments of elementary particles.
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Bose-Einstein condensate is a state of matter formed when a gas of bosons is cooled close to absolute zero.
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The cosmological constant, introduced by Einstein and later associated with dark energy, represents an inherent energy density of space.
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Special relativity predicts time dilation and length contraction at speeds approaching the speed of light.
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Aluminum is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust and is widely used due to its low density and corrosion resistance.
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Glass is an amorphous solid, typically based on silica, that lacks a regular crystalline structure.
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Half-life is the time required for half of a quantity of a radioactive substance to decay.
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Radioactive decay is the spontaneous transformation of an unstable atomic nucleus into a more stable one, emitting radiation.
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Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
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The mole concept relates the number of particles to the mass of a substance through Avogadro's number.
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Le Chatelier's principle states that a system at equilibrium will shift to counteract an applied stress.
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Earth's atmosphere is mostly transparent to visible light but absorbs much of the infrared and ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
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Sea ice extent in the Arctic has declined significantly since satellite records began in 1979.
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Permafrost is ground that remains at or below 0 degrees Celsius for two or more consecutive years and underlies much of the Arctic.
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The Pacific Ring of Fire is a region around the Pacific Ocean basin where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
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Continental drift was first proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, although a full mechanism had to await plate tectonics theory.
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The El Nino-Southern Oscillation is a recurring climate pattern in the tropical Pacific affecting global weather.
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The Anthropocene is a proposed geological epoch reflecting significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
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Apollo 13 launched April 11, 1970, and returned safely to Earth despite an in-flight oxygen tank explosion.
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The Fermi paradox is the apparent contradiction between high estimates of the probability of extraterrestrial civilizations and the lack of evidence for them.
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Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit beams of electromagnetic radiation observable as regular pulses.
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Edwin Hubble's earlier 1924 discovery established that the Andromeda nebula was a separate galaxy beyond the Milky Way.
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Johannes Kepler's three laws of planetary motion describe orbits as ellipses with the Sun at one focus, equal areas in equal times, and a relationship between period and orbital semi-major axis.
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The Solar System has eight recognized planets following Pluto's reclassification in 2006.
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Deno is a secure runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript, also created by Ryan Dahl, first released in 2018.
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V8 is Google's open-source JavaScript and WebAssembly engine, used in Chrome and Node.js.
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Browser engines include Chromium's Blink, Apple's WebKit, and Mozilla's Gecko.
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Let's Encrypt is a non-profit certificate authority providing free TLS certificates and was founded by the Internet Security Research Group in 2014.
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Domain validated certificates, the most common TLS certificates, only verify control of the domain.
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Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, WCAG, are W3C recommendations for making web content accessible to people with disabilities.
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WHATWG, the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group, maintains the HTML and DOM Living Standards.
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ECMA-262 is the formal specification of the ECMAScript programming language, maintained by Ecma International.
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Iceland has more than 30 active volcanic systems and frequent eruptions.
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The Strait of Hormuz is a strategic waterway connecting the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman.
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The Black Sea connects to the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits.
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Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area.
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The Danube River flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world.
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The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water by area, bordered by Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, and Azerbaijan.
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The Mississippi River is the second-longest river in North America, flowing about 3,766 kilometers.
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The Gobi Desert spans parts of northern China and southern Mongolia.
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The Atacama Desert in Chile is one of the driest non-polar deserts on Earth.
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The Crimean War, fought from 1853 to 1856, pitted Russia against an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.
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The Manhattan Project, the U.S. effort to develop nuclear weapons during World War II, was led scientifically by J. Robert Oppenheimer.
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The Holocaust resulted in the murder of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II.
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Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, prompting the United States to enter World War II.
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The Battle of the Somme during World War I lasted from July to November 1916 and resulted in over a million casualties.
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World War I was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on June 28, 1914.
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The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed on October 29, 1923, with Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as its first president.
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The blood-brain barrier limits the entry of many drugs into the central nervous system.
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Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV from a fatal infection into a manageable chronic condition.
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Hepatitis B and C are viral infections that can cause chronic liver disease and are leading causes of liver cancer.
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Tuberculosis remains one of the world's leading infectious killers, with around 1.3 million deaths annually as of 2023.
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Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection causing flu-like illness and occasionally severe complications.
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Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are commonly prescribed for depression.
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Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental illnesses, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
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Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder affecting how a person thinks, feels, and behaves, typically with onset in late adolescence or early adulthood.
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Vaccines have prevented an estimated 154 million deaths worldwide over 50 years, according to a 2024 WHO study.
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Antibiotics target features unique to bacteria, including cell wall synthesis, ribosomes, and metabolic pathways.
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Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy in the form of ATP and NADH.
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Induced pluripotent stem cells were first generated by Shinya Yamanaka in 2006, leading to the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
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Polymerase chain reaction, PCR, is a technique to amplify specific DNA segments, invented by Kary Mullis in 1983.
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Telomeres are repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation.
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The mitochondrial DNA in humans is inherited almost exclusively from the mother.
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Charles Darwin's voyage on HMS Beagle from 1831 to 1836 provided observations central to his theory of evolution.
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Cryptocurrencies typically settle transactions on public blockchains using cryptographic proofs rather than central authorities.
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Gross National Product, GNP, measures the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country's residents regardless of location.
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The phrase 'too big to fail' refers to firms whose failure would cause systemic damage to the broader economy.
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The Bank for International Settlements, headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, is the central bank for central banks.
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Marathon runners typically run for hours, with elite times for the 42.195 km distance under 2 hours 5 minutes for men and under 2 hours 15 minutes for women.
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The U.S. dollar is the world's primary reserve currency.