computing

Lady Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine include what is often called the first computer program.

ASCII art uses standard ASCII characters to create images and is commonly seen in BBSes and early Internet messaging.

The Stuxnet worm, discovered in 2010, targeted Iranian nuclear centrifuges and is widely considered the first cyberweapon.

ENIAC was unveiled to the public on February 14, 1946, at the University of Pennsylvania.

The first computer virus, Creeper, appeared on ARPANET in 1971.

The C programming language standardized as ANSI C in 1989 and ISO C in 1990.

The Apollo Guidance Computer, used in Apollo Moon missions, ran at 2.048 MHz with 64 KB of memory.

RISC-V is an open-standard instruction set architecture based on reduced instruction set computer principles.

AWS Lambda was the first major commercial Function-as-a-Service offering, launched in 2014.

Cloudflare Workers is a serverless execution environment that runs JavaScript and WebAssembly code at the network edge.

Edge computing brings computation and data storage closer to data sources to reduce latency and bandwidth use.

Microsoft Azure was announced in October 2008 and became generally available in February 2010.

Materialized views are database views whose results are stored and periodically refreshed for fast querying.

Database normalization is the process of organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

Neo4j is a graph database management system that stores data as nodes connected by edges with properties.

Indexes in databases speed up data retrieval at the cost of additional storage and slower writes.

BASE is an alternative database design philosophy emphasizing basically available, soft state, and eventual consistency.

HSTS, HTTP Strict Transport Security, prevents downgrade attacks by forcing browsers to use HTTPS for a specified period.

Argon2 is a key derivation function selected as the winner of the Password Hashing Competition in 2015.

Log4Shell, disclosed in December 2021, was a critical remote code execution vulnerability in the widely used Log4j Java logging library.

CVE, Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures, is a public reference list of known cybersecurity vulnerabilities.

Zero Trust is a security model that requires strict verification for every person and device attempting to access resources.

Passkeys are based on WebAuthn and FIDO2 standards, providing phishing-resistant authentication.

OAuth 2.1 consolidates and clarifies the OAuth 2.0 specifications and best practices.

Deno is a secure runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript, also created by Ryan Dahl, first released in 2018.

V8 is Google's open-source JavaScript and WebAssembly engine, used in Chrome and Node.js.

Browser engines include Chromium's Blink, Apple's WebKit, and Mozilla's Gecko.

Let's Encrypt is a non-profit certificate authority providing free TLS certificates and was founded by the Internet Security Research Group in 2014.

Domain validated certificates, the most common TLS certificates, only verify control of the domain.

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, WCAG, are W3C recommendations for making web content accessible to people with disabilities.

WHATWG, the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group, maintains the HTML and DOM Living Standards.

ECMA-262 is the formal specification of the ECMAScript programming language, maintained by Ecma International.

Email's @ symbol selection was a practical choice by Ray Tomlinson because the symbol was unlikely to appear in user names.

The first email was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971, using the @ symbol to separate the user from the host.

Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine in the 19th century, considered a forerunner of modern computers.

Emoji originated in Japan in the late 1990s, with widespread Unicode standardization since 2010.

The IBM PC was released on August 12, 1981, establishing a standard architecture for personal computing.

Python 3.0 was released in December 2008 and introduced backwards-incompatible changes from Python 2.

FPGA, Field-Programmable Gate Array, is an integrated circuit configurable by the customer after manufacturing.

ARM is a family of reduced instruction set computer architectures, widely used in mobile devices and embedded systems.

ECC memory uses error-correcting codes to detect and correct memory errors, used in servers and critical systems.

RAID, Redundant Array of Independent Disks, combines multiple physical disks for redundancy or performance.

CDN, Content Delivery Network, distributes content geographically to reduce latency and improve availability.

Google Cloud Platform's App Engine was launched in 2008.

Amazon Web Services launched its first major service, Simple Storage Service (S3), in March 2006.

Apache Kafka is a distributed event streaming platform originally developed at LinkedIn.

Cassandra is a distributed wide-column store, originally developed at Facebook and donated to the Apache Software Foundation.

MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database that stores data in JSON-like documents.

B-trees are self-balancing tree data structures commonly used to index databases.

ACID transactions provide atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability for database operations.

bcrypt is a password-hashing function based on the Blowfish cipher, designed to be slow to resist brute force attacks.

ChaCha20-Poly1305 is an authenticated encryption algorithm used in modern TLS, defined in RFC 8439.

Heartbleed was a serious vulnerability in OpenSSL disclosed in April 2014 affecting TLS implementations worldwide.

WebAuthn is a W3C specification for strong authentication using public-key cryptography and hardware tokens or platform authenticators.

NTP, the Network Time Protocol, synchronizes clocks of computer systems over packet-switched networks.

DHCP, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, automates the assignment of IP addresses and other network parameters.

ARP, the Address Resolution Protocol, maps IP addresses to MAC addresses on local networks.

WebGPU is a modern web graphics API that exposes the capabilities of modern GPUs, standardized by the W3C.

Bun is a JavaScript runtime, bundler, and package manager built around the JavaScriptCore engine, first released in 2022.

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime built on V8, created by Ryan Dahl in 2009.

QUIC is a transport protocol designed by Google and standardized by the IETF in RFC 9000.

HTTP/3 is built on QUIC, a UDP-based transport protocol providing improved performance over HTTP/2.

The W3C, World Wide Web Consortium, develops standards for the web including HTML, CSS, and accessibility specifications.

Public-key infrastructure relies on certificate authorities to issue digital certificates that bind public keys to identities.

The Internet Engineering Task Force, IETF, develops and promotes Internet standards through Request for Comments documents.

HTTP status code 200 indicates that the request has succeeded.

HTTP status code 404 indicates that the origin server did not find a current representation for the target resource.

HTTP status code 500 indicates an Internal Server Error encountered an unexpected condition.

The first version of the World Wide Web was made publicly available by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1991.

Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 for development of the Linux kernel.

SHA-256 produces a 256-bit (32-byte) hash output and is part of the SHA-2 family designed by the NSA.

AES is a symmetric block cipher standardized by NIST in 2001 with block size 128 bits and key sizes 128, 192, or 256 bits.

HTTP/2 introduced binary framing, multiplexing, header compression, and server push as standardized in RFC 7540.

TCP provides reliable, ordered, error-checked byte-stream delivery between applications, originally specified in RFC 793.

Bitcoin's whitepaper, authored under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto, was published on October 31, 2008.

Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in September 1998 while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University.

Anthropic was founded in 2021 by former OpenAI researchers including Dario and Daniela Amodei.

OpenAI was founded in December 2015 as a non-profit AI research organization.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) was first proposed by Hakon Wium Lie in 1994 and standardized by the W3C.

DOM, the Document Object Model, is a programming interface for HTML and XML documents that represents the document as a tree of nodes.

Service Workers provide a programmable proxy between web applications and the network, enabling features like offline support and push notifications.

Linked lists store elements in nodes that reference subsequent nodes, allowing efficient insertion and deletion.

A hash table maps keys to values using a hash function and offers average constant-time access.

A binary tree is a tree data structure where each node has at most two children.

Dijkstra's algorithm finds the shortest path between nodes in a graph with non-negative edge weights.

Henry Ford pioneered moving assembly line production for automobile manufacturing, popularizing the Model T from 1908.

HTTP status code 302 indicates a temporary redirect.

HTTP status code 502 means Bad Gateway: a server acting as a gateway received an invalid response from the upstream server.

HTTPS is HTTP over TLS, providing encryption, authentication, and integrity for web traffic.

TLS 1.3, standardized in RFC 8446 in 2018, removed many older cryptographic primitives and reduced handshake latency.

IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long, allowing approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.

UDP is a connectionless transport protocol that does not guarantee delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection.

CORS, Cross-Origin Resource Sharing, is a browser mechanism that allows controlled access to resources from a different origin.

ECMAScript is the standardized specification underlying JavaScript, maintained by Ecma International TC39.

Rust is a systems programming language emphasizing memory safety without using a garbage collector, first released in stable form in 2015.

Go was created at Google by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson and first released publicly in November 2009.

UNIX was developed at AT&T Bell Labs starting in 1969 by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.

The IEEE 754 standard defines binary floating-point arithmetic used in most modern computer hardware.

Base64 encoding represents binary data in an ASCII string format using 64 characters.

Elliptic curve cryptography offers comparable security to RSA at much smaller key sizes.