politics

Finland joined NATO on April 4, 2023, becoming its 31st member.

The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992, established the European Union.

The United Kingdom officially withdrew from the European Union on January 31, 2020, in the process known as Brexit.

The Treaty of Rome, signed in 1957, established the European Economic Community, predecessor to the European Union.

NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was founded in 1949 by 12 founding members.

Marbury v. Madison in 1803 established the principle of judicial review in the United States.

The U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, guarantees equal protection of the laws to all persons.

The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects freedom of speech, religion, the press, assembly, and petition.

The U.S. federal government has three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.

Article II of the U.S. Constitution establishes the executive branch.

Article III of the U.S. Constitution establishes the judicial branch.

Congress consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives.

The U.S. presidential inauguration occurs on January 20 of the year following the election under the Twentieth Amendment.

The Nobel Prizes are administered by the Nobel Foundation in Sweden, established by Alfred Nobel's will in 1895.

Sweden's parliament, the Riksdag, has 349 members elected for four-year terms.

The European Convention on Human Rights, drafted in 1950, established the European Court of Human Rights to enforce its provisions.

The Council of Europe is a 46-member international organization founded in 1949 to uphold human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.

Sweden joined NATO on March 7, 2024, becoming its 32nd member.

Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision of 1973 was overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization in June 2022.

The U.S. Voting Rights Act was signed into law on August 6, 1965, prohibiting racial discrimination in voting.

The Fifth Amendment protects against self-incrimination and double jeopardy and guarantees due process.

U.S. senators serve six-year terms, and U.S. representatives serve two-year terms.

The U.S. Electoral College has 538 electors, with a candidate needing 270 to win the presidency.

Article I of the U.S. Constitution establishes the legislative branch.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was adopted in 1987 and is widely considered one of the most successful international environmental agreements.

The U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1788 and went into effect on March 4, 1789.

The U.S. President is elected to a four-year term and limited to two elected terms by the Twenty-second Amendment.

The European Parliament is directly elected by EU citizens every five years.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948.

The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols establish international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in war.

The U.S. House of Representatives has 435 voting members, with seats apportioned among the states by population.

The United Nations Security Council has five permanent members with veto power: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The U.S. Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified December 15, 1791.

The U.S. Supreme Court consists of nine justices, including the Chief Justice of the United States.

The U.S. Senate consists of 100 senators, two from each of the 50 states.

The European Court of Justice is the highest court of the European Union in matters of EU law.

The International Court of Justice, located in The Hague, is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.

The Paris Agreement is an international treaty on climate change adopted in 2015 and entered into force in 2016.

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 and in force from 2005, was the first major international agreement to set binding emission reduction targets.